Intshayelelo
Ukunxiba kwePin Boss: Eyona ndlela iQhelekileyo yokusilela kwe-Adapter
I-pin boss yi-cylindrical protrusion kwi-adaptha edlula kuyo i-locking pin ukuze igcine izinyo. Kwimijikelo yokulayisha i-quarry apho ibhakethi ibetha ilitye kwi-0.5 ukuya kwi-1.2 yeemitha ngomzuzwana, i-pin boss ifumana imithwalo ye-cyclic shear ye-80 ukuya kwi-180 kN ngomjikelo ngamnye. Emva kweeyure eziyi-1,500 ukuya kwezi-2,500 zomsebenzi we-quarry oqhelekileyo, ububanzi be-boss bore bunokwandiswa nge-2.5 ukuya kwi-4.0 mm ukusuka ekugugulekeni okurhabaxa, okuvumela i-pin ukuba itshintshe phantsi komthwalo.
Xa iphini isuka kwi-3 mm okanye ngaphezulu ukusuka kwindawo yayo yokuhlala, ukugcinwa kwamazinyo kuyehla ukuya kuma-40 ekhulwini eemfuno zoyilo. Iphini ingaphuma ngokupheleleyo phantsi komjikelo olandelayo womthwalo ophezulu, ikhulule ukugrumba kwamazinyo phakathi. Iqela lethu le-metallurgy lilinganise ukuguguleka kwebhore ye-boss kwi-47 ibuyisele ii-adaptha ze-J300 kwaye lafumanisa ukuba ii-adaptha ezenziwe ngentsimbi ye-alloy ye-30CrNiMo8 ecinyiweyo ukuya kwi-42-46 HRC zibonise ukuguguleka kwebhoresi okungaphantsi ngama-62 ekhulwini kunee-adaptha ezivela kwintsimbi ye-carbon ye-40Cr kwi-35-39 HRC. I-chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy matrix imelana nokugrumba kwamaqhekeza abrasive ngempumelelo kakhulu kunentsimbi ye-carbon elula.
Ukwaphuka kweRing Groove Groove
Iiadaptha ezininzi ze-J300 zisebenzisa iringi yokugcina ene-spring engene kwi-groove empumlweni yeadaptha. I-groove yeringi isebenza njengesinyusi soxinzelelo esifakwe kwi-contour yeadaptha. Kwindawo yokumba amatye enefuthe elikhulu apho amandla aphezulu adlula i-250 kN, ii-micro-cracks ziqala kwi-radius yengcambu ye-groove ngaphakathi kweeyure zokusebenza ezingama-300 ukuya kuma-500. Idatha yasentsimini evela kwiingcibi ze-hard-rock zase-Australia ezili-12 ibonise ukuba ama-23 ekhulwini azo zonke ii-adapter ze-J300 zibangelwa kukwaphuka kwe-groove-to-nose, apho ukwahlukana kwamazinyo ngokupheleleyo kwenzeka ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-50 ukusuka kwi-crack yokuqala ebonwayo.
Isisombululo sethu yijiyometri yegroove eguquliweyo enerediyasi eyi-1.5 mm kwingcambu (xa kuthelekiswa nerediyasi eqhelekileyo eyi-0.5 mm) edityaniswe nobunzima bomphezulu obuyi-48-52 HRC ngonyango lobushushu oluhlukeneyo. Oku kwandisa ukuqaliswa kokuqhekeka ukuya ngaphaya kweeyure eziyi-1,800 kuvavanyo olulawulwayo. Kwiimeko zekwari sicebisa amaxesha okuhlolwa kweeyure ezingama-25 kuba izinga lokusasazeka kokuqhekeka kwintsimbi eyi-40Cr liyi-0.08 ukuya kwi-0.15 mm kwimijikelo eli-100 xa sele iqalisiwe.Ukhuseleko lwekatiIiprotokholi zicebisa ukuhlolwa kwe-GET groove rhoqo emva kweeyure ezingama-50, kodwa kwizicelo ze-quarry i-crack initiation window imfutshane kwaye ukuhlolwa rhoqo kuthethelelwa bubunzima besiphumo sokungaphumeleli.
Ukuqhekeka kwesihlalo se-adaptha esivela kwi-Weld Indawo echaphazeleka bubushushu
Isihlalo seadaptha sibubuso obuthe nkqo apho iadaptha idibana khona nomlebe webhakethi. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuwelda, indawo echaphazeleka bubushushu kwisiseko seadaptha inokufikelela kwi-725 ukuya kwi-850 deg C, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iinkozo zibe nzima kwaye zenze i-martensite kwiintsimbi zekhabhoni ephakathi. Ezi ndawo zeHAZ zinexabiso leCharpy eliphantsi njenge-8 ukuya kwi-12 J kwi-20 deg C, xa kuthelekiswa ne-27 ukuya kwi-35 J kwintsimbi engumzali. Xa le ndawo ixineneyo iphantsi kwexesha lokugoba elijikelezayo lokumba i-quarry, ukuqhekeka kokudinwa kuqala kumda weHAZ kwaye kusasazeka ezantsi ngokusebenzisa ubukhulu beadaptha.
Iqhekezo lidla ngokungabonakali ngaphandle kuba liqala phantsi kobuso besihlalo. Kwityala elinye elibhalwe phantsi kwi-quarry yelitye le-limestone yase-UK, i-excavator yeetoni ezingama-40 esebenza nge-85% hydraulic flow yasika i-adaptha ye-J300 kwi-HAZ emva kweeyure ezili-1,100 zenkonzo ngaphandle kokubonisa kwangaphambili. Ukuphelisa ukubhitya kwe-HAZ, senza ii-adaptha ze-J300 ngentsimbi ye-banitic enekhabhoni ephantsi (0.18-0.22% C, 0.8-1.2% Mn) egcina amaxabiso e-Charpy angaphezu kwama-27 J nasemva kokulinganisa i-welding kwi-850 deg C. Ukufudumeza kwangaphambili ukuya kwi-200-250 deg C ngaphambi kokuwelda kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo emva kokuwelda kwi-300 deg C imizuzu engama-30 kunciphisa ngakumbi ubunzima be-HAZ ngaphantsi kwe-350 HV.
Indlela Yokutshixa Ikhulula Phantsi Kokungcangcazela Kwexesha Eliqhelekileyo
Nokuba isakhiwo somzimba sihlala singaguquki, indlela yokutshixa inokukhululeka ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yokungcangcazela okuphezulu. Uhlalutyo lokungcangcazela kwee-excavators ze-J300 kwizicelo ze-granite quarry lubonisa ii-frequency eziphambili phakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-45 Hz ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwenxalenye yomjikelo wokumba, kunye ne-amplitude yokukhawulezisa efikelela kwi-5 ukuya kwi-8 g kwibhakethi. Ukulinganiswa kwe-torque kwiinkqubo zokutshixa ze-J300 screw-type kubonise ukuba i-torque yokuqala yokufaka ye-350 Nm yonakele ukuya kwi-180 Nm emva kweeyure zokusebenza ezili-120 kwiimeko ze-quarry eyomileyo. Ngaphantsi kwe-200 Nm, izinga lokubuyela umva kwe-screw likhawuleza ngokukhawuleza.
Uvavanyo lwethu lubonise ukuba ukusebenzisa i-thread-locking compound (Loctite 270 okanye elinganayo) kwi-lock screw ngaphambi kokufakwa, kunye ne-torque yokuqala ye-420 Nm, kugcine amaxabiso e-torque engaphezulu kwe-300 Nm emva kweeyure ezingama-300. Sicebisa ukuba amaqela olondolozo lwe-quarry asebenzise i-torque-check interval yeeyure ezingama-50 kwiinkqubo zokutshixa ze-J300, ukunciphisa ukuya kwiiyure ezingama-25 ukuba i-thread-locking compound ayisetyenziswanga. Kwiimeko ezirhabaxa, indlela yokutshixa kufuneka isuswe kwaye icocwe rhoqo emva kweeyure ezingama-500 ukususa iindleko eziqokelelweyo ezinokubangela ukufundwa kwe-torque engeyiyo.I-OSHAIzikhokelo zokugcinwa kwezixhobo ezinzima zicebisa ukuqinisekiswa kwe-torque rhoqo, kwaye inkqubo yokutshixa i-J300 ifuna ingqwalaselo ethe rhoqo kuneenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ngenxa yemeko-bume yokungcangcazela ephezulu kumsebenzi we-quarry.
Ukudinwa kwezinto: Indlela yokusilela efihliweyo
Ukudinwa kwezinto ezikwiiadaptha ze-J300 kubonakala njengeenethiwekhi zemifantu ezincinci ezisasazeka nge-casting cross-section kwiinkulungwane zemijikelo yomthwalo. Kwiiadaptha ezifakwe kwintsimbi eqhelekileyo ye-40Cr, i-inclusions kunye ne-micro-shrinkage porosity kuluhlu lwe-50 ukuya kwi-200 micron zisebenza njengeendawo zokuqalisa imifantu. Uvavanyo lokudinwa olwenziwe kwiiadaptha ze-30CrNiMo8 (ezicinyiweyo kwaye ziqiniswe kwi-42-46 HRC) xa kuthelekiswa neeadaptha zentsimbi yekhabhoni ye-40Cr (35-39 HRC) lubonise ukuba intsimbi ye-alloy ifikelele kwi-1.2 yezigidi zemijikelo yokusilela kuxinzelelo lokugoba lwe-120 MPa, xa kuthelekiswa nemijikelo ye-340,000 yentsimbi yekhabhoni.
Umxholo we-nickel kwi-30CrNiMo8 (1.2-1.6 ekhulwini le-Ni) unegalelo ekunciphiseni amazinga okusasazeka kwee-crack ngokunyusa ukutyibilika kwe-dislocation kwi-matrix ye-tempered martensite. Intsingiselo esebenzayo: ii-adapters ze-carbon steel J300 kwinkonzo ye-quarry eqhubekayo zifikelela kubomi obulinganiselweyo bokudinwa malunga neeyure ezingama-3,000 ukuya kwezi-4,000. Ii-adapters ze-alloy steel zandisa oku ukuya kwiiyure ezingama-6,000 ukuya kwezi-8,000. Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo akunakubona ukudinwa kwinqanaba lokuqala. Iprotokholi ethembekileyo kuphela kukutshintshwa okucwangcisiweyo kwizithuba zeeyure ezingama-4,000 kwii-adapters ze-quarry ezinempembelelo ephezulu, nokuba imeko ibonakala njani.
Uthelekiso lweMetallurgical: I-Alloy vs. I-Carbon Steel
Ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwethu lweeadaptha zeJ300 ezibuyisiweyo kunye novavanyo lokuguguleka kwelebhu olulawulwayo, ukhetho lwesinyithi lolona phawu lubalulekileyo ekuthinteleni zonke iindlela ezintlanu zokungaphumeleli.9N4302Amazinyo okutshintsha i-J300, xa edibene nee-adapter zentsimbi ye-alloy eqinileyo ngokufanelekileyo, afumana ubomi benkonzo obude ngokuphindwe ka-2.1 kwizicelo ze-granite quarry xa kuthelekiswa namazinyo afanayo kwii-adapter zentsimbi yekhabhoni. Ubunzima bempumlo obuyi-48-52 HRC kwii-adapter ze-alloy eziphathwe ngobushushu bumelana nokuguguleka kwe-pin bore, ngelixa ubunzima be-Charpy impact obungaphezulu kwe-27 J buthintela ukuqhekeka kwesihlalo kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-groove. Sicebisa ukuba abaqhubi be-quarry bachaze ii-adapter zentsimbi ye-alloy kuyo nayiphi na i-excavator esebenza kwizinto ezinamandla okucinezelwa angaphezu kwe-150 MPa okanye ngomthwalo omkhulu.
Malunga ne [Ningbo Yinzhou Join Machinery Co., Ltd.]
Senza iinkqubo ze-GET ezipheleleyo kuqukaiinkqubo zamazinyo ebhakethikwayeI-Ningbo Yinzhou Joyina oomatshini Co., Ltd.iiadaptha zebhakethi zeCaterpillar J300 kunye nezinye iimpawu eziphambili zokumba. Nxibelelana neqela lethu lobunjineli ngenombolo yakho yothotho lomatshini ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha zeadaptha ezenzelwe wena. Sixhasa imisebenzi yemigodi kumazwe angama-40 kunye nezixhobo zokunxiba eziqinisekisiweyo ezenziwe ngokwemigangatho ye-ISO.
FAQ
Yeyiphi indlela yokusilela kwe-adaptha ye-J300 eqhelekileyo?Ukuguguleka kwe-pin boss yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo, imalunga nama-35 ekhulwini azo zonke iintsilelo ze-adaptha ze-J300 kwizicelo ze-quarry. Oku kubangelwa yimithwalo ye-cyclic shear ye-80-180 kN edityaniswe ne-abrasive particle embedment kwi-pin bore.
Ngaba iiadaptha zeJ300 ezisandula ukuthengiswa zingahambelana nobomi bokudinwa be-OEM?Ewe. Xa zenziwe ngentsimbi ye-alloy ye-30CrNiMo8 enonyango olufanelekileyo lokucima nokushisa ukuya kwi-42-46 HRC, ii-adaptha ze-aftermarket zinokulingana okanye zidlule ubomi bokudinwa kwe-OEM. Ukunyamezelana kobukhulu kufuneka kuhambelane neeprofayili zempumlo ze-OEM ngaphakathi kwe-plus okanye minus 0.1 mm.
Kufuneka kutshintshwe kangaphi iiadaptha zeJ300?Kucetyiswa ukuba kutshintshwe i-adaptha ze-quarry ezisebenza kakhulu, nokuba imeko injani na. Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kufuneka kwenziwe rhoqo emva kweeyure ezingama-25-50.
Iprotokholi yoHlolo oluCetyisiweyo lwee-adaptha zeQuarry
Ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwethu lwamawaka ee-adapter ze-J300 ezibuyisiweyo, sicebisa iprotokholi yokuhlola enamanqanaba amathathu kwimisebenzi ye-quarry. I-Tier 1 kukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwemihla ngemihla ngumsebenzisi ngaphambi komjikelo wokuqala wokumba: jonga ukuba akukho mifantu ebonakalayo kwisihlalo se-adapter kunye nempumlo, qinisekisa ukuba i-pin okanye i-retaining ring ebambekayo iyasebenza, kwaye umamele izandi ezingaqhelekanga ngexesha lokuphuma komjikelo. I-Tier 2 kukulinganisa iveki nganye: sebenzisa i-pin bore gauge ukulinganisa ububanzi be-boss bore kwiindawo ezine (phezulu, ezantsi, ekhohlo, ekunene) kwaye urekhode amaxabiso. Ukunyuka kwe-2.0 mm ukusuka kwisiseko kubonisa isidingo sokucwangciswa kokutshintshwa. I-Tier 3 kukuhlolwa kwenyanga nganye kwe-dye-penetrant ye-weld HAZ, ubuso besihlalo, kunye ne-retaining ring groove. Le protokholi, ephunyezwe kwimisebenzi ye-quarry eli-14 kusetyenziswa ii-adapter zethu, inciphise iziganeko zokulahlekelwa ngamazinyo okungacwangciswanga ngama-78 ekhulwini kwixesha lokulandelela leenyanga ezili-12.
Ufakelo lweendlela ezilungileyo zobomi be-adaptha ephezulu
Indlela efanelekileyo yokufaka inefuthe elilinganisekayo kubomi benkonzo yeadaptha. Iqela lethu lenkonzo yasentsimini libhale phantsi ukuba iiadaptha ezifakelwe iiparameter ze-weld ezingalunganga zilahlekelwa yi-30 ukuya kwi-50 ekhulwini yobomi bokudinwa obulindelekileyo. Iiparameter ze-welding ezicetyiswayo zeeadaptha ze-J300 kwimilebe yebhakethi ye-excavator ziquka: I-electrode ye-E7018 ephantsi kwe-hydrogen, ubushushu obungaphambi kobushushu obuyi-200-250 deg C obusetyenziswa kwindawo eyi-75 mm ejikeleze indawo ye-weld, ubushushu obuphakathi obungadluli kwi-350 deg C, ulandelelwano lwee-weld bead oluqala embindini kwaye lusebenza ngaphandle ukulawula ukugqwetheka, kunye nokupholisa okucothayo emva kwe-weld phantsi kwengubo yokukhusela ukuze kufezekiswe izinga lokupholisa elingaphantsi kwe-50 deg C ngeyure. Ubungakanani be-weld fillet kufuneka bube yi-8 ukuya kwi-10 mm phezulu nasezantsi kwesihlalo seadaptha. Ukuhlolwa kwe-weld kufuneka kuquke uvavanyo lwe-magnetic particle kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokugqitywa kwaye kwakhona emva kweeyure ezili-100 zenkonzo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwe-weld phantsi komthwalo.
Uhlalutyo lweNtsebenzo kunye neXabiso ngeBanga leZixhobo ze-Adapter
Kubaqhubi be-quarry abavavanya ukuphuculwa kwe-40Cr carbon steel ukuya kwi-30CrNiMo8 alloy steel J300 adapters, uqoqosho luxhomekeke kwiimeko zokusebenza. Kwizicelo ze-granite quarry apho umxholo we-silica udlula i-25 pesenti kunye nomyinge wamandla oxinzelelo ongaphezulu kwe-200 MPa, ixabiso ngeyure yokusebenza kwi-40Cr adapters limalunga ne-$0.38 ngeyure (ngokusekwe kwixabiso lokuthenga le-$380 kunye nobomi benkonzo yeeyure ezili-1,000 xa kugatywa i-pin bore kuphela, kungekhona umngcipheko wokuqhekeka). Kwi-30CrNiMo8 alloy steel adapters ngexabiso lokuthenga le-$520 kunye nobomi benkonzo yeeyure ezingama-2,800, ixabiso ngeyure liyehla liye kwi-$0.19. I-alloy steel adapter inika ukwehla kwe-50 pesenti kwindleko ngeyure yokusebenza ngelixa isusa phantse umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli obangela ukungasebenzi okucwangcisiweyo. Iprimiyamu ye-alloy steel ifunyanwa kwiiyure zokuqala ezili-1,400 zokusebenza kwiimeko ze-granite quarry. Kwizicelo ezinefuthe eliphantsi njengokwembiwa kodongwe, inzuzo yexabiso iyancitshiswa kodwa isathanda intsimbi ye-alloy ngexabiso eliphantsi malunga nama-25 ekhulwini ngeyure yokusebenza.
Ukuwohloka kweProfayili yeMpumlo ye-Adapter kunye nefuthe layo ekugcinweni kwamazinyo
Impumlo yeadaptha ngumphezulu ochwetheziweyo ohambelana ngqo nezinyo lebhakethi. Kwimijikelo emininzi yomthwalo kwiimeko ze-quarry, iprofayili yempumlo iyaguga kancinci kancinci, itshintsha i-geometry yoqhagamshelwano phakathi kweadaptha kunye nezinyo. Uhlalutyo lwethu lobukhulu beeadaptha lubuyile emva kweeyure ezingama-2,000 zenkonzo ye-granite quarry lubonise ukuba ububanzi bempumlo bunciphe ngomyinge we-1.8 mm ukusuka kwinkcazo yokuqala, kwaye ukuphakama kwempumlo kwehle nge-1.2 mm. Olu tshintsho lobukhulu lwenza ukulingana okukhululekileyo phakathi kweadaptha kunye nezinyo, okwazisa ukudlala okukhawulezisa ukuguguleka kwephini kwaye kunciphisa indawo yokudlulisela umthwalo esebenzayo. Xa indawo yokungena phakathi kwempumlo ukuya kwizinyo idlula i-0.5 mm, umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwe-pin shear uyanda ngesithathu. Isisombululo asikokwenza nje iiadaptha ukuze ziqine ngakumbi ekuqaleni, kodwa kukuyila iprofayili yempumlo yeadaptha nge-geometry ehlawula ukuguguleka egcina indawo yoqhagamshelwano esebenzayo nangona umphezulu wempumlo uguguleka. Iiadaptha zethu ze-J300 zine-taper ye-2-degree kwiindonga zempumlo ezibonelela ngokulingana okuzihlawulelayo njengoko impumlo iguga, zigcina ukusebenza kakuhle kokudluliselwa komthwalo kulo lonke ixesha lokusebenza kweadaptha.
Ulawulo lweNkqubo yoNyango loBushushu loMgangatho we-Adapter oHlangeneyo
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kumgangatho wokwenziwa kweadaptha ye-J300 kukulawula inkqubo yonyango lobushushu. Umgca wethu wonyango lobushushu kwiiadaptha zentsimbi ye-alloy uquka isikhululo sobushushu sangaphambi kobushushu kwi-350 deg C imizuzu engama-30 ukunciphisa ukutshayiswa kobushushu, isithando somlilo esigcina i-austeniti kwi-860 deg C esinobushushu obufanayo obungaphezulu okanye obungaphantsi kwe-5 deg C kulo lonke indawo yomthwalo, inkqubo yokucima ioyile enomoya olawulwayo ogcina izinga lokucima le-55 deg C ngomzuzwana kuluhlu lokuguqulwa kwe-martensite, kunye nesithando somlilo esigcina i-tempering kwi-450 deg C imizuzu engama-90 ukufezekisa usukelo lobunzima be-42-46 HRC. Yonke ibhetshi yonyango lobushushu ibandakanya iikhuphoni ezintathu zovavanyo ezihlulwe, zicoliwe, ziqoshwe, kwaye zihlolwe phantsi kwe-microscope ye-metallurgical ukuqinisekisa ukuba isakhiwo se-martensite esithambileyo sihlangabezana neemfuno. Naliphi na ibhetshi ebonisa i-austenite egciniweyo engaphezulu kwe-3% okanye ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi ye-carbide iyaliwa kwaye iphinda ifudunyezwe. Olu nqanaba lolawulo lwenkqubo, olugcinwa kwiibhetshi zemveliso ezingaphezu kwe-10,000 ngonyaka, luqinisekisa ukuba iadaptha nganye ye-J300 ephuma kwindawo yethu ihlangabezana nomgangatho ofanayo wokusebenza nokuba umhla wokuveliswa okanye ubungakanani bebhetshi.
Ixabiso lilonke lobunini: I-Carbon Steel vs. I-Alloy Steel J300 Adaptors
Ixabiso elipheleleyo lohlalutyo lobunini beeadaptha ze-J300 kwinkonzo ye-quarry kufuneka liquke izinto ezintandathu zeendleko: ixabiso lokuqala lokuthenga, umsebenzi wokufakela, ubomi benkonzo kwiiyure zokusebenza, iindleko zexesha lokungasebenzi ezingacwangciswanga (ezahluka ngobukhulu bokumba kunye nexabiso lemveliso), iindleko zokutshintsha ukuba iadaptha iyasilela ngaphambi kokuphela kobomi bokuguguleka, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwewaranti. Kwiiadaptha zentsimbi yekhabhoni ezingama-40Cr ngexabiso lokuthenga le-$380, ubomi benkonzo obulindelweyo ziiyure ezili-1,200 kwiimeko ze-quarry eziphakathi, kunye nethuba le-12 ekhulwini lokungasebenzi ngaphambi kwexesha (ngaphambi kweeyure ezingama-800) ngokusekelwe kwidatha yethu yasentsimini evela kwiiadaptha ezilandelelweyo ezili-1,400. Ixabiso lilonke ngeadaptha nganye kubandakanya umngcipheko wokufakelwa kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi limalunga ne-$580. Kwiiadaptha zentsimbi ye-alloy ezingama-30CrNiMo8 ngexabiso lokuthenga le-$520, ubomi benkonzo obulindelweyo ziiyure ezingama-3,600 kunye nethuba le-2 ekhulwini lokungasebenzi ngaphambi kwexesha. Ixabiso lilonke ngeadaptha nganye kuquka umngcipheko wokufakelwa kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi limalunga ne-$720. Nangona i-adaptha yentsimbi ye-alloy inexabiso elipheleleyo eliphakamileyo ngama-24 ekhulwini, ixabiso layo ngeyure nganye yokusebenza yi-$0.20 xa ithelekiswa ne-$0.48 kwintsimbi yekhabhoni, ukwehla ngama-58 ekhulwini. Kwi-quarry esebenza ngee-excavators ezili-10 ezisebenzisa ii-adaptha ngeli nqanaba, ulondolozo lonyaka ludlula i-$14,000.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-15-2026