I-Lab Log: Ukukhethwa kweNsimbi ye-Alloy kunye noNyango loBushushu kwii-Adapter zeBhakethi eziNciphisiweyo

A I-adaptha yamazinyo ebhakethi yeKomatsuluqhagamshelwano lolwakhiwo phakathi komphetho webhakethi yokumba kunye nencam yezinyo enokutshintshwa. Ifunxa amandla okumba apheleleyo — anokuthi kwi-excavator ye-PC200 afikelele kwi-140 kN kwincam yezinyo lebhakethi — aze ayidlulisele ukusuka ezinyweni nge-adaptha aze aye kwincam yezinyo lebhakethi. Ukuba i-adaptha iyaqhekeka okanye iyabhitya kwi-pin bore, incam yezinyo iyalahleka kwaye umqhubi kufuneka ayeke ukumba, afumane izinyo, aze atshintshe i-adaptha — umsebenzi wemizuzu engama-25 nge-$2–3 ngomzuzu kwixabiso lokungasebenzi komatshini.

Kwifektri yethu eJM China, senza iiadaptha zeKomatsu ngentsimbi ye-martensitic ene-alloy ephantsi — ngesiqhelo i-30CrMnSi okanye i-35CrMo grade — kuba ezi alloys zifikelela kubunzima obufunekayo be-HRC 45–52 emva kokucima ioyile kunye nokushisa ngelixa zigcina ubunzima obaneleyo bokuchaphazeleka ukuze kulayishwe ngokujikelezayo komsebenzi wokumba. Inkqubo yokubumba isebenzisa ipateni yefoam elahlekileyo kunye ne-mold yesanti ye-silica. Emva kokubumba, iadaptha nganye ifakwa isisombululo kwi-920°C iiyure ezi-2, icinywe ioyile ukuya kubushushu begumbi, emva koko iqiniswe kwi-250°C iiyure ezi-3 ukuze kufezekiswe ubunzima obujoliswe kubo. Inyathelo lokubumba libalulekile: yitsibe kwaye iadaptha iyaqhekeka kwi-HRC 58–60, ithambekele ekuqhekekeni kwingozi yokuqala yelitye. Iqiniswe kakhulu kwi-350°C kwaye ubunzima buyehla bufike kwi-HRC 38–42, kunciphisa ubomi bokuguguleka ngama-40%.

Sigcina inkcazo yobunzima be-HRC 48 ± 3 kwiiadaptha zeKomatsu eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-HRC 52 ± 2 kwinguqulelo enzima echazwe ngabakhi bokudiliza. Ubunzima buqinisekiswa ngokulinganisa i-Rockwell C enamachaphaza amathathu ngeadaptha nganye: enye kwincam yempumlo (indawo egcina izinyo), enye kwi-pin boss (indawo ethatha iphini yokugcina), kunye nenye kwisiseko sokufakela (indawo edibanisa okanye ebopha kwi-bucket lip). Ubunzima bencam yempumlo kufuneka bube ngaphakathi kwamanqaku ama-2 e-HRC kwi-pin boss - kungenjalo ukuguguleka okwahlukileyo phakathi kwemiphezulu emibini kukhawulezisa ukuyekelela kwamazinyo. Ukuba incam yempumlo ithambile (HRC 42) ngelixa i-pin boss iqinile (HRC 50), incam yempumlo iguguleka nge-30% ngokukhawuleza kwaye izinyo liphuhlisa ukudlala ecaleni emva kweeyure ezili-120. Umsebenzisi akanakuyiva le midlalo kwikhabhathi - kodwa iphini yokugcina ngoku ithwele umthwalo osecaleni eyayingadalelwanga wona, kwaye ukucheba iiphini ngaphambi kwexesha kunokwenzeka.

NgoJanuwari 2025, sivavanye ii-adapter ezingama-50 ezivela kwibhetshi entsha yokuphosa ngokuchasene nama-50 avela kwimveliso yethu yangoku. Ibhetshi entsha — ephoswe kubushushu obahlukileyo kancinci be-35CrMo — ibonise ukusasazeka kobunzima be-nose-to-pin obuyi-3.8 HRC points ngokomndilili, xa kuthelekiswa ne-1.6 kwibhetshi yangoku. Unobangela yayikukufudumala kwe-oyile ye-quench ephezulu nge-15°C ngosuku lokuqala lwemveliso yebhetshi entsha, nto leyo eyanciphisa ubunzima be-quench kwincam yempumlo encinci kodwa kungekhona kwi-pin boss etyebileyo. Sibuyisele i-quench oil kwi-45°C saza saqinisekisa ukuba ukusasazeka kobunzima kubuyele kumndilili we-1.6-point kwiintsuku ezine ezizayo zemveliso. Ii-adapter ezingama-50 ezivela kwibhetshi engaqhelekanga zehlisiwe zaba "ngumrhumo oqhelekileyo" kwaye zathengiswa ngexabiso elincitshisiweyo kwizicelo ezingabizi kakhulu.

Irekhodi leMveliso: Ukuphosa, Unyango lobushushu, kunye noQinisekiso lweMilinganiselo yee-adaptha zeKomatsu K-Series

Iprofayili yephini yeKomatsu K-series — esetyenziswa kwiimodeli ze-excavator zePC30 ukuya kwi-PC800 — ichaza i-pin bore ethambileyo ene-engile edibeneyo ye-2° kuzo zombini ii-bore eziphezulu nezisezantsi, ububanzi bephini ethile (12 mm kwi-PC50 ukuya kwi-30 mm kwi-PC650), kunye nomgama wephini phakathi ukuya empumlweni ohluka ngokobukhulu be-adaptha. Ukuphambuka okungaphezulu kwe-0.3 mm kwindawo yephini kuthetha ukuba iphini yokugcina ayinakufakwa kuzo zombini izinyo kunye nee-adaptha - kwaye yonke i-adaptha iyi-scrap. Oku kucaca okulinganayo kufezekiswa ngokudityaniswa kwe-CNC machining emva kokuphoswa kunye nesixhobo esikhethekileyo esibhekisa kwisiseko sokufakelwa kwe-adaptha.

Sifaka iadaptha nganye kwiseti enye kwiziko loomatshini elithe nkqo eline-axis ezine. Ulandelelwano lomsebenzi lulandelayo: (1) sijonge isiseko sokufakela — sibhekisa kwiindawo zokufumana i-cast ukusuka kwipateni yefoam elahlekileyo; (2) sibhoboze kwaye sibuyisele i-pin bore ukuya kwi-H8 tolerance (umz., 20.0 +0.033/0.000 mm kwiadaptha ye-PC200); (3) sila umngxuma wokugcina amazinyo kwincam yempumlo; kwaye (4) sibhoboze umngxuma onqamlezileyo kwi-pin boss ye-retainer clip. Emva kokwenza, iadaptha nganye ihlolwa kumatshini wokulinganisa odibeneyo (CMM) onesisombululo se-0.005 mm. Ubukhulu obubalulekileyo — ububanzi be-pin bore, umgama phakathi kwe-pin bore ukuya ebusweni bokufakelwa, kunye nobubanzi bencam yempumlo — kulinganiswa kwaye kubhalwa kwingxelo yebhetshi ehamba nayo yonke imithwalo eya kubasasazi baseJapan.

Ngowama-2024, sivelise ii-adapters ezingama-38,000 ezihambelana neKomatsu kwiindidi ezingama-20 zobukhulu. Izinga lokwaliwa elinobukhulu be-1.1%, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ii-adapters ezingama-418 aziphumelelanga ekuhlolweni kwe-CMM kwaye zakhutshelwa okanye zaphinda zalungiswa. Ukusilela okuqhelekileyo — i-62% yokulahlwa iyonke — yayikukuma kwe-pin bore: umgama ophakathi ukuya ebusweni bokufakelwa wawungaphandle kwefestile yokunyamezelana ye-±0.3 mm. Silandele oku kukwahluka kokukhula kobushushu kwii-castings eziluhlaza: ii-castings ezazipholile kancinci kwi-mold (ngenxa yobuninzi bomgquba wesanti) zibonise ukuncitshiswa okongeziweyo kwe-0.15–0.2 mm kwincam yempumlo, zitshintsha indawo ye-pin bore xa kuthelekiswa ne-reference plane. Isisombululo se-foundry yayikukusebenzisa ukupholisa kwe-mold okulawulwayo kwe-180 ± 10 imizuzu ngaphambi kokushukuma — ngaphambili, ixesha lokupholisa lalixhomekeke kwisigqibo somsebenzisi kwaye laliqala kwi-120 ukuya kwi-240 imizuzu. Emva kokusebenzisa ukupholisa okulawulwayo, izinga lokwaliwa kwe-pin bore position lehle ukusuka kwi-0.68% ukuya kwi-0.19%.

Kwabasasazi baseJapan — abadla ngokugcina isitokhwe sokhuseleko seeadaptha ezingama-200–500 ngobukhulu — inkqubo yokulandelela ibhetshi esiyinikezelayo ibavumela ukuba babone nayiphi na iadaptha nganye ngenani layo lebhetshi baze bafumane irekhodi lokukhangela, itshathi yonyango lobushushu, kunye nengxelo yobukhulu beCMM. Olu landelelwano luyanda ngenxa yeenkqubo zolawulo lomgangatho zeenkampani zokwakha zaseJapan, ezifuna ukuba zonke iindawo zokuguguleka zinikezelweUmbutho weZixhobo zoKwakha waseJapanIinkampani ezingamalungu ziphethe amaxwebhu apheleleyo endlela yokuvelisa.

Idatha yeNdawo: Ukusebenza kweNkqubo yoKugcina iiPin phantsi koLowudo oluQhubekekayo

Inkqubo yokugcina iiphini — i-spring steel okanye i-polyurethane retainer clip evala i-retainer pin endaweni yayo — yeyona nto incinci kwi-adapter assembly kodwa yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo yokusilela kwentsimi. Xa i-retainer clip iphuka okanye ilahlekelwa yi-tension, i-retainer pin isebenza ngokukhululekileyo phantsi kokungcangcazela kokumba, kwaye incam yamazinyo iwela kwi-adapter kwimijikelo yokusebenza eli-10-20. Incam yamazinyo elahlekileyo kwindawo yokudiliza embindini weTokyo — apho i-PC350 excavator yayiqhekeza ii-slabs zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo — ithetha ukuba umatshini kufuneka ume, umqhubi kufuneka ehle, afumane izinyo kwinqwaba yenkunkuma (enokuthabatha imizuzu eli-10 kwindawo exineneyo), ayifumane, aze ayifake kwakhona nge-retainer clip entsha. Ngexabiso lomatshini eliyi-$80 ngeyure yokusebenza kunye nokuma okungacwangciswanga kwemizuzu engama-30, ukulahleka kwamazinyo ngakunye kubiza i-$40 kwixesha lokungasebenzi komatshini — kunye neendleko zomsebenzi zomqhubi kunye nomphathi wokhuseleko lwendawo.

Sivavanye izinto ezintathu ze-retainer clip kumatshini wokulayisha ojikelezayo kwiziko lethu laseZhengzhou ngo-2024: (1) intsimbi yentwasahlobo engu-65Mn, enyangwa ngobushushu kwi-HRC 44–48; (2) intsimbi yentwasahlobo engu-60Si2Mn, enyangwa ngobushushu kwi-HRC 46–50; kunye (3) nobunzima be-polyurethane 95A Shore. Uvavanyo lujikeleze i-clip nganye kwimijikelo yokususa nokufaka engama-50,000 kwi-frequency ye-0.5 Hz - ukulinganisa imeko embi kakhulu yotshintsho lwamazinyo olupheleleyo ngotshintsho ngalunye kwixesha leminyaka emi-2. Iikliphu ze-65Mn zibonise ukonakala kwe-clip force kwe-22% emva kwemijikelo engama-50,000 — ukusuka kwi-280 N yokuqala yokugcina amandla ukuya kwi-218 N. Iikliphu ze-60Si2Mn zibonise ukonakala kwe-15% — ukusuka kwi-300 N ukuya kwi-255 N. Iikliphu ze-polyurethane zibonise ukonakala kwe-35% — ukusuka kwi-200 N ukuya kwi-130 N — kwaye ezintathu kwiikliphu ze-polyurethane ezingama-20 zaqhekeka kwindawo yokunxibelelana ye-clip-to-pin phakathi kwemijikelo engama-30,000 kunye nama-38,000.

Ngokusekelwe kwezi ziphumo, ngoku sisebenzisa ii-60Si2Mn spring steel clips njengesiqhelo kuzo zonke ii-adaptha zeKomatsu ezingaphezulu kwe-PC200, kwaye sinikezela ngee-65Mn clips kwii-PC70 ezincinci kunye nee-PC130 apho uxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-clip lusanele umthwalo omkhulu wamazinyo we-20 kN. Ii-polyurethane clips zisafumaneka kwizicelo ezingabalulekanga ezifana nokuhlola amazinyo ebhakethi kodwa azikhuthazwa ukudilizwa okanye ukugrunjwa kwamatye. Sibandakanya iqela lee-retainer clips ezilishumi ezongezelelweyo kunye ne-pallet nganye yee-adaptha ezingama-50 ezithunyelwa kubasasazi baseJapan - umkhwa owamkelwe kakuhle kuba ii-clip zezona nxalenye zincinci zilahleka rhoqo kwimisebenzi yokugcinwa kwentsimi.

Isiphumo soVavanyo: Uthelekiso lokumelana nokurhawuzelelwa kwiiBanga zoBulukhuni

Siqhube uvavanyo lokukrala olulawulwayo ngokuthelekisa intsimbi yeadaptha kumanqanaba amane obunzima: i-HRC 38, i-HRC 45, i-HRC 50, kunye ne-HRC 55. Isampulu nganye yayiyipleyiti ye-50 mm × 50 mm × 12 mm esikiweyo kwi-adaptha yokuvelisa kwicandelo lempumlo. Uvavanyo lusebenzise isixhobo sevili lerabha yesanti eyomileyo kwi-ASTM G65 nganye — inkqubo D, umthwalo we-5 kg, ii-1,000 revolutions — kwaye silinganise ukulahleka komthamo kwii-cubic millimeters.

Iziphumo: I-HRC 38 ilahlekelwe yi-85 mm³. I-HRC 45 ilahlekelwe yi-62 mm³ — ukuphucuka ngama-27% kunesampulu ethambileyo. I-HRC 50 ilahlekelwe yi-48 mm³ — ukuphucuka ngama-23% kune-HRC 45 kunye ne-44% kuneyona ithambileyo. I-HRC 55 ilahlekelwe yi-41 mm³ — ukuphucuka nge-15% kune-HRC 50 kodwa kuphela ukuphucuka okupheleleyo kwe-7 mm³. Umthetho wokunciphisa imbuyekezo uyabonakala: ukunyuswa kokuxhathisa ukuguguleka ukusuka kwi-HRC 50 ukuya kwi-HRC 55 kuncinci, ngelixa ukulahleka kokuqina kwempembelelo kubalulekile. Uvavanyo lwe-Charpy V-notch kwiisampulu ezifanayo lubonise ukuba amandla empembelelo ehlile ukusuka kwi-24 J kwi-HRC 50 ukuya kwi-14 J kwi-HRC 55 — ukuncitshiswa ngama-42%. Kwisicelo sokudiliza apho i-adaptha kufuneka imelane nokubethwa ngqo ngamatye, umngcipheko owandileyo wokuqhekeka kwi-HRC 55 udlula ukunyuswa kobomi bokuguguleka kwe-15%.

Olu lwazi lovavanyo lukhokela iingcebiso zethu zemveliso. Ngokuhambisa umhlaba kumhlaba onesihlabathi okanye omdaka — apho ukukrazula kuyindlela yokuguguleka ebalaseleyo — sicebisa i-HRC 50–52 ukuze kubekho ubomi obuphezulu bokuguguleka ngaphandle kobuqhophololo obungamkelekanga. Ngokudiliza okanye ukumba amatye — apho umthwalo wempembelelo unzima — sicebisa i-HRC 46–48 ukuze igcine ukuqina kwempembelelo ngelixa isafumana ukumelana nokukrazula okwamkelekileyo. Iinkampani zokudiliza zemarike zaseJapan esizibonelelayo eTokyo nase-Osaka zimise umgangatho kwi-HRC 46–48 grade ngee-60Si2Mn retainer clips, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwe-adaptha yonyaka kwi-PC350 excavator nganye kufikelela kuma-adaptha angama-36 — ukutshintshwa kube kanye rhoqo emva kweeyure ezili-10 zokusebenza — xa kuthelekiswa nee-adaptha ezingama-48 ngonyaka kwi-HRC 38–42 evela kumthombo okhuphisanayo.

Ingxelo yoMthengi: Icebo lokuThengisa iSaveyitha kunye noHlalutyo lweMbuyekezo yeWaranti

Umsasazi waseJapan oseYokohama une-adaptha zamazinyo zeKomatsu ezinobukhulu obuyi-18 ezivela kumzi-mveliso wethu. Babonelela abathengi abamalunga nama-350 beenqanawa zokumba kwiindawo zaseKanto, begubungela ii-mini excavators (PC30–PC70) zokuhlaziya iindawo zokuhlala ukuya kuthi ga kwii-excavators ezinkulu zokumba (PC490–PC800) zokumba izakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Umsasazi u-odola kwiibhetshi zekota ze-5,000–8,000 ze-adaptha. Ngo-2024, babike izinga lokubuyisela iwaranti ye-1.2% kwii-adaptha zethu - iiyunithi ezingama-96 kwezingama-8,200 ezithunyelweyo - xa kuthelekiswa nezinga lokubuyisela le-3.8% lomthengisi wabo wangaphambili.

Sihlalutye ii-adapter ezingama-96 ezibuyisiweyo. Uhlalutyo: ii-adapter ezingama-42 bezigugile ngaphaya kwexesha elisebenzayo ngesantya esingaphezulu komndilili - zifunyenwe kubathengi abazisebenzisayo ekumbiweni kwamatye ngaphandle komgangatho onzima. Ii-adapter ezingamashumi amathathu ananye zazine-pin bore eqhekekileyo okanye egoso-goso - zifunyenwe kubasebenzi abasebenzisa amandla e-bucket crowd ukunqumla ilitye kumsele ovalekileyo, nto leyo eyadala umzuzu wokugoba kwi-pin boss odlule umthamo wokugoba we-180 kN we-adapter ye-PC200. Ii-adapter ezilishumi elinambini zazilahlekelwe lizinyo ngenxa yokusilela kwe-retainer clip - kwiibhetshi ezithunyelwe ngaphambi kokuba sitshintshele kwiikliphu ze-60Si2Mn. Ii-adapter ezilishumi elinanye, eneneni, zazingengomveliso wethu - zazizii-adapter ezikhuphisanayo ezifakwe ngempazamo kwindawo yokugcina impahla yomsasazi kwibhetshi yokubuyisela. Emva kokulungisa ukubuyiselwa kwemveliso engeyiyo eyethu, izinga lokubuyisela iwaranti yokwenyani yayiyi-1.04%. Umphathi wokuthenga womsasazi undixelele: "Besisoloko sibeka uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwe-5% yeendleko zokuthenga ii-adapter zokutshintsha iwaranti. Ngemveliso yakho, sikwi-1.2%. Oko kukugcina izinto ngokwenyani."

Kwimarike yaseJapan, iprofayili yoku-odola iadaptha eqhelekileyo ilandela iphethini yexesha lonyaka. Imfuno ifikelela kwincopho ngo-Epreli (ekuqaleni konyaka-mali, xa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lokwakha lusanda) nango-Okthobha (ekuqaleni kwexesha lokudilizwa kwexesha elomileyo). Umgaqo wesitokhwe sokhuseleko somsasazi ngulo: iiyunithi ezingama-3,000 ubuncinci kwiisayizi ezintandathu ezihamba ngokukhawuleza (PC78, PC128, PC138, PC200, PC228, PC400), iiyunithi ezili-1,500 kwiisayizi eziphakathi, kunye neeyunithi ezingama-500 kwiisayizi ezinkulu ze-excavator. Sigcina ixesha lokukhokela leentsuku ezingama-45 kwiisayizi eziqhelekileyo kunye neentsuku ezingama-60 kwiindidi ezinzima. Oku kuvumela umsasazi ukuba asebenze ngee-stock turns ze-4.5 ngonyaka - ngaphezulu komndilili weshishini we-turns ze-3 - ngokuxhomekeka kwishedyuli yethu yemveliso eqikelelweyo.

Isifundo Setyala: I-Tokyo Demolition Fleet Inciphisa Iziganeko Zokulahlekelwa Ngamazinyo Nge-75%

Inkampani yokudiliza eTokyo esebenza ngee-PC350 excavators ezisibhozo kunye nee-PC490 excavators ezintathu yadiliza umyinge wezakhiwo zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo ezili-14 ngonyaka - izakhiwo zeeofisi, iigaraji zokupaka, kunye neeflethi ezinemigangatho esixhenxe. Ngaphambi kowama-2024, babefumana ii-adapters zamazinyo ebhakethi kumthengisi jikelele e-Osaka. Izinga lokulahlekelwa ngamazinyo kwi-fleet yayiyi-0.14 yeziganeko ngomatshini ngamnye ngosuku lokusebenza - oko kuthetha ukuba i-fleet yayinesiganeko sokulahlekelwa ngamazinyo rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezi-4.2 zokusebenza kuzo zonke ii-11 machines. Isiganeko ngasinye sasifuna ukuma imizuzu engama-35-45 (ukufumana nokubuyisa incam yamazinyo elahlekileyo, ukuhlola i-adapter, kunye nokufaka enye endaweni yayo), bechitha iiyure ezingama-3.2 zabasebenzi ngosuku kwi-fleet.

NgoJanuwari 2024, umphathi weenqwelo-mafutha wasinxibelelana nathi emva kokufunda ngeenkcukacha zethu kumboniso worhwebo we-JCEA. Sinikezele ngee-adaptha ezinzima ezingama-500 (ii-HRC 50 grade ezinee-60Si2Mn clips) zeenqwelo-mafutha ze-PC350 kunye nezingama-200 zeenqwelo-mafutha ze-PC490 — zonke ziqinisekiswe yi-CMM ezinokulandeleka kwebhetshi. Sikwanikezele nangeentsuku ezimbini zoqeqesho lokufakela kwindawo: (1) i-torque echanekileyo yephini yokugcina kunye ne-clip — i-45 Nm ye-PC350 kunye ne-75 Nm ye-PC490, elinganiswa ngesitshixo se-torque, hayi "ukuvakalelwa"; (2) iikhrayitheriya zokuhlola ezibonakalayo zokuguguleka kwe-adaptha — zithathe indawo xa ububanzi bencam yempumlo bugugugulwe yi-5 mm ukusuka kumlinganiselo wokuqala; kunye (3) ishedyuli yokutshintshwa kwe-clip — qho emva kweeyure ezingama-200 zokusebenza nokuba imeko yokubonakala injani na.

Kwiinyanga ezili-12 emva kotshintsho, izinga lokulahlekelwa ngamazinyo kwinqanawa lehle ukusuka kwiziganeko ezingama-0.14 ngosuku ngalunye lomatshini ukuya kwiziganeko ezingama-0.035 - ukwehla ngama-75%. Ukuma okucwangcisiweyo kokulahlekelwa ngamazinyo kwehle ukusuka kwiziganeko ezingama-511 kulo lonke iqela ngo-2023 ukuya kwiziganeko ezili-128 ngo-2024. Ukulahlekelwa yiyure yabasebenzi kwehle ukusuka kwiiyure ezi-3.2 ngosuku ukuya kwiiyure ezingama-0.8 ngosuku - ukubuyisela i-$46,000 kwindleko yabasebenzi ngonyaka. Umphathi weenqwelo-mafutha uxele ukuba ezimbini zePC350s zidlule kwiprojekthi yokudiliza yonke - iinyanga ezine zeentsuku ezili-14 - ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa nanye yezinyo. "Oko akuzange kwenzeke ngee-adapters zangaphambili," utshilo kwifowuni yethu yokulandelela.Izikhokelo zokwakha ze-OSHAIzixhobo zokulungisa izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezinzima zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo zokusebenzisa umhlaba, kwaye ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamazinyo okungalindelekanga kunegalelo ngqo kwimisebenzi yokudiliza ekhuselekileyo ngokuphelisa ukumisa koomatshini okungacwangciswanga kufutshane neendawo zokudiliza ezisebenzayo.

Kubasasazi baseJapan kunye nabathengi babo beenqanawa, umyalezo ovela kolu phononongo lwetyala ngulo: ixabiso leadaptha — ¥3,500–¥8,000 ngeyunithi nganye kuxhomekeke kubukhulu — asilo metric ifanelekileyo. I-metric efanelekileyo yindleko ngeyure nganye yokusebenza. Iadaptha yePC350 ebiza ¥6,000 kwaye ihlala iiyure ezingama-250 ngaphambi kokuba itshintshe ibiza ¥24 ngeyure. Iadaptha ekhuphisanayo kwi ¥4,500 ehlala iiyure ezili-150 ibiza ¥30 ngeyure. Iadaptha esemgangathweni ophezulu igcina ¥6 ngeyure — kwaye kumatshini osebenza iiyure ezingama-2,500 ngonyaka, oko kukuthi ¥15,000 ngomatshini ngamnye ngonyaka. Xa umphathi weenqanawa ephinda oko ngee-excavators ezingama-350 kubathengi bomsasazi, amandla okonga ngonyaka yi ¥5.25 yezigidi — kwaye oko kungaphambi kokuba kubalwe ukonga kwexesha lokungasebenzi ngenxa yeziganeko ezimbalwa zokulahlekelwa ngamazinyo.

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